World football's governing body FIFA and World Athletics are reviewing their transgender eligibility policies, after swimming passed new rules that restrict transgender participation in women's events.
Swimming's world governing body FINA has voted to restrict the participation of transgender athletes in elite women's competitions and create a working group to establish an 'open' category for them in some events, as part of its new policy.
The new policy states that male-to-female transgender swimmers (transgender women) are eligible to compete in women's competitions, only if "they can establish to FINA's comfortable satisfaction that they have not experienced any part of male puberty beyond Tanner Stage 2 (of puberty) or before age 12, whichever is later".
A FIFA spokesperson says it is in a consultation process over a new policy.
"FIFA is currently reviewing its gender eligibility regulations in consultation with expert stakeholders," said the spokesperson. "Due to the ongoing nature of the process, FIFA is not in a position to comment on specifics of proposed amendments to the existing regulations."
World Athletics president Sebastian Coe has told the BBC that the organisation's council would discuss their regulations at the end of the year. Coe praised FINA for taking the decision, which has been criticised by trans rights advocates.
"We see an international federation asserting its primacy in setting rules, regulations and policies that are in the best interest of its sport," he told the BBC. "This is as it should be.
"We have always believed that biology trumps gender and we will continue to review our regulations in line with this. We will follow the science.
"We continue to study, research and contribute to the growing body of evidence that testosterone is a key determinant in performance, and have scheduled a discussion on our regulations with our council at the end of the year," he added.
FIFA says it is taking guidance from medical, legal, scientific, performance and human rights experts, and also the position of the International Olympic Committee (IOC).
"Should FIFA be asked to verify the eligibility of a player before the new regulations will be in place, any such case will be dealt with on a case-by-case basis, taking into account FIFA's clear commitment to respect human rights," the spokesperson said.
Last year, the IOC issued a 'framework' on the issue, leaving eligibility decisions up to individual sports bodies, but adding that "until evidence determines otherwise, athletes should not be deemed to have an unfair or disproportionate competitive advantage due to their sex variations, physical appearance and/or transgender status".
World Athletics' current rules cap testosterone levels at five nanomoles per litre (5nmol/L) for transgender athletes and for competitors with differences in sex development (DSD) in some women's running events.
Coe says it is important to protect the integrity of women's sport.
"When push comes to shove, if it's a judgment between inclusion and fairness, we will always fall down on the side of fairness - that, for me, is non-negotiable.
"We can't have a generation of young girls thinking there is not a future for them in the sport, so we have a responsibility," he added. "Maintaining the primacy and the integrity of female competition is absolutely vital."
Last week, the International Cycling Union (UCI) tightened its rules on transgender participation by increasing the transition period on low testosterone to two years and reducing the maximum permitted testosterone level.
Reuters
