It is one of China's most popular shopping apps, selling clothing, groceries and just about everything else under the sun to more than 750 million users a month.
But according to cybersecurity researchers, it can also bypass users' cell phone security to monitor activities on other apps, check notifications, read private messages and change settings.
And once installed, it's tough to remove.
While many apps collect vast troves of user data, sometimes without explicit consent, experts say e-commerce giant Pinduoduo has taken violations of privacy and data security to the next level.
In a detailed investigation, CNN spoke to half a dozen cybersecurity teams from Asia, Europe and the United States - as well as multiple former and current Pinduoduo employees - after receiving a tipoff.
Multiple experts identified the presence of malware on the Pinduoduo app that exploited vulnerabilities in Android operating systems. Company insiders said the exploits were utilised to spy on users and competitors, allegedly to boost sales.
"We haven't seen a mainstream app like this trying to escalate their privileges to gain access to things that they're not supposed to gain access to," said Mikko Hyppönen, chief research officer at WithSecure, a Finnish cybersecurity firm.
"This is highly unusual, and it is pretty damning for Pinduoduo."
Malware, short for malicious software, refers to any software developed to steal data or interfere with computer systems and mobile devices.
Evidence of sophisticated malware in the Pinduoduo app comes amid intense scrutiny of Chinese-developed apps like TikTok over concerns about data security.
Some American lawmakers are pushing for a national ban on the popular short-video app, whose CEO Shou Chew was grilled by Congress for five hours last week about its relations with the Chinese government.
The revelations are also likely to draw more attention to Pinduoduo's international sister app, Temu, which is topping US download charts and fast expanding in other Western markets. Both are owned by Nasdaq-listed PDD, a multinational company with roots in China.
While Temu has not been implicated, Pinduoduo's alleged actions risk casting a shadow over its sister app's global expansion.
There is no evidence that Pinduoduo has handed data to the Chinese government. But as Beijing enjoys significant leverage over businesses under its jurisdiction, there are concerns from US lawmakers that any company operating in China could be forced to cooperate with a broad range of security activities.
The findings follow Google's suspension of Pinduoduo from its Play Store in March, citing malware identified in versions of the app.
An ensuing report from Bloomberg said a Russian cybersecurity firm had also identified potential malware in the app.
Pinduoduo has previously rejected "the speculation and accusation that Pinduoduo app is malicious."
CNN has contacted PDD multiple times over email and phone for comment, but has not received a response.
Rise to success
Pinduoduo, which boasts a user base that accounts for three quarters of China's online population and a market value three times that of eBay, wasn't always an online shopping behemoth.
Founded in 2015 in Shanghai by Colin Huang, a former Google employee, the startup was fighting to establish itself in a market long dominated by e-commerce stalwarts Alibaba and JD.com.
It succeeded by offering steep discounts on friends-and-family group buying orders and focusing on lower-income rural areas.
Pinduoduo posted triple digit growth in monthly users until the end of 2018, the year it listed in New York. By the middle of 2020, though, the increase in monthly users had slowed to around 50% and would continue to decline, according to its earnings reports.
It was in 2020, according to a current Pinduoduo employee, that the company set up a team of about 100 engineers and product managers to dig for vulnerabilities in Android phones, develop ways to exploit them - and turn that into profit.
According to the source, who requested anonymity for fear of reprisals, the company only targeted users in rural areas and smaller towns initially, while avoiding users in megacities such as Beijing and Shanghai.
"The goal was to reduce the risk of being exposed," they said.
By collecting expansive data on user activities, the company was able to create a comprehensive portrait of users' habits, interests and preferences, according to the source.
This allowed it to improve its machine learning model to offer more personalised push notifications and ads, attracting users to open the app and place orders, they said.
The team was disbanded in early March, the source added, after questions about their activities came to light.
PDD didn't reply to CNN's repeated requests for comment on the team.
What experts found
Approached by CNN, researchers from Tel Aviv-based cyber firm Check Point Research, Delaware-based app security startup Oversecured and Hyppönen's WithSecure conducted independent analysis of the 6.49.0 version of the app, released on Chinese app stores in late February.
Google Play is not available in China, and Android users in the country download their apps from local stores. In March, when Google suspended Pinduoduo, it said it had found malware in off-Play versions of the app.
The researchers found code designed to achieve "privilege escalation": a type of cyberattack that exploits a vulnerable operating system to gain a higher level of access to data than it's supposed to have, according to experts.
"Our team has reverse engineered that code and we can confirm that it tries to escalate rights, tries to gain access to things normal apps wouldn't be able to do on Android phones," said Hyppönen.
The app was able to continue running in the background and prevent itself from being uninstalled, which allowed it to boost its monthly active user rates, Hyppönen said. It also had the ability to spy on competitors by tracking activity on other shopping apps and getting information from them, he added.
Check Point Research additionally identified ways in which the app was able to evade scrutiny.
The app deployed a method that allowed it to push updates without an app store review process meant to detect malicious applications, the researchers said.
They also identified in some plug-ins the intent to obscure potentially malicious components by hiding them under legitimate file names, such as Google's.
"Such a technique is widely used by malware developers that inject malicious code into applications that have legitimate functionality," they said.
Android targeted
In China, about three quarters of smartphone users are on the Android system. Apple's iPhone has 25 percent market share, according to Daniel Ives of Wedbush Securities.
Sergey Toshin, the founder of Oversecured, said Pinduoduo's malware specifically targeted different Android-based operating systems, including those used by Samsung, Huawei, Xiaomi and Oppo.
CNN has reached out to these companies for comment.
Toshin described Pinduoduo as "the most dangerous malware" ever found among mainstream apps.
"I've never seen anything like this before. It's like, super expansive," he said.
Most phone manufacturers globally customise the core Android software, the Android Open Source Project (AOSP), to add unique features and applications to their own devices.
Toshin found Pinduoduo to have exploited about 50 Android system vulnerabilities. Most of the exploits were tailor made for customised parts known as the original equipment manufacturer (OEM) code, which tends to be audited less often than AOSP and is therefore more prone to vulnerabilities, he said.
Pinduoduo also exploited a number of AOSP vulnerabilities, including one which was flagged by Toshin to Google in February 2022. Google fixed the bug this March, he said.
According to Toshin, the exploits allowed Pinduoduo access to users' locations, contacts, calendars, notifications and photo albums without their consent. They were also able to change system settings and access users' social network accounts and chats, he said.
Of the six teams CNN spoke to for this story, three did not conduct full examinations. But their primary reviews showed that Pinduoduo asked for a large number of permissions beyond the normal functions of a shopping app.
They included "potentially invasive permissions" such as "set wallpaper" and "download without notification," said René Mayrhofer, head of the Institute of Networks and Security at the Johannes Kepler University Linz in Austria.
Disbanding the team
Suspicions about malware in Pinduoduo's app were first raised in late February in a report by a Chinese cybersecurity firm called Dark Navy. Even though the analysis didn't directly name the shopping giant, the report spread quickly among other researchers, who did name the company. Some of the analysts followed up with their own reports confirming the original findings.
Soon after, on March 5, Pinduoduo issued a new update of its app, version 6.50.0, which removed the exploits, according to two experts who CNN spoke to.
Two days after the update, Pinduoduo disbanded the team of engineers and product managers who had developed the exploits, according to the Pinduoduo source.
The next day, team members found themselves locked out of Pinduoduo's bespoke workplace communication app, Knock, and lost access to files on the company's internal network. Engineers also found their access to big data, data sheets and the log system revoked, the source said.
Most of the team were transferred to work at Temu. They were assigned to different departments at the subsidiary, with some working on marketing or developing push notifications, according to the source.
A core group of about 20 cybersecurity engineers who specialise in finding and exploiting vulnerabilities remain at Pinduoduo, they said.
Toshin of Oversecured, who looked into the update, said although the exploits were removed, the underlying code was still there and could be reactivated to carry out attacks.
Oversight failure
Pinduoduo has been able to grow its user base against a backdrop of the Chinese government's regulatory clampdown on Big Tech that began in late 2020.
That year, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology launched a sweeping crackdown on apps that illegally collect and use personal data.
In 2021, Beijing passed its first comprehensive data privacy legislation.
The Personal Information Protection Law stipulates that no party should illegally collect, process or transmit personal information. They're also banned from exploiting internet-related security vulnerabilities or engaging in actions that endanger cybersecurity.
Pinduoduo's apparent malware would be a violation of those laws, tech policy experts say, and should have been detected by the regulator.
"This would be embarrassing for the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, because this is their job," said Kendra Schaefer, a tech policy expert at Trivium China, a consultancy. "They're supposed to check Pinduoduo, and the fact that they didn't find (anything) is embarrassing for the regulator."
The ministry has regularly published lists to name and shame apps found to have undermined user privacy or other rights. It also publishes a separate list of apps that are removed from app stores for failing to comply with regulations.
Pinduoduo did not appear on any of the lists.
CNN has reached out to the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology and the Cyberspace Administration of China for comment.
On Chinese social media, some cybersecurity experts questioned why regulators haven't taken any action.
"Probably none of our regulators can understand coding and programming, nor do they understand technology. You can't even understand the malicious code when it's shoved right in front of your face," a cybersecurity expert with 1.8 million followers wrote last week in a viral post on Weibo, a Twitter-like platform.
The post was censored the next day.
CNN
