European tourism: it's as old as time.
In the 19th century, the US glitterati would pop over to Paris to refresh their wardrobes. From the 1700s, places like Venice and Rome were becoming essential tourist stops in Italy. In the Classical era there were, famously, the seven wonders of the world.
None of these compare, however, to a cave in southern Spain which - it has just been revealed - has been visited by humans for over 41,000 years.
The Cueva de Nerja, or Nerja Caves, are a three-mile series of caves near Nerja in Malaga province, southern Spain. Now famed for their dramatic stalactites and stalagmites, they were "discovered" for the first time in thousands of years in 1959 by five friends out looking for bats. Today, visitors can take a 45-minute tour of the "public gallery" to see fantastical formations of stalactites, stalagmites and other speleothems - shapes and structures caused by mineral deposits.
But thousands of years ago, visits took place for more spiritual reasons. So far, 589 prehistoric paintings have been discovered in the caves (modern visitors cannot visit those areas for conservation reasons). The spaces were also used for funerary rites.
In a new study for the journal Scientific Reports, researchers from the University of Cordoba have established that visits to the caves go back much further than expected - and that the Cueva de Nerja "hosted" the most prehistoric visits of any European cave with Paleolithic art.
Researchers found evidence of visits dating back to 41,218 cal. BP - or 41,291 years prior to today. The date is 10,000 years earlier than previously thought.
A 'Hansel and Gretel' approach to archaeology
The study used cutting edge carbon dating techniques - something that previously hasn't been used in caves.
The authors wrote in the study that traditionally, when studying prehistoric activity in caves, "it is difficult to determine if remains [such as rock art, fire remains or human constructions] were left by single visits or recurrent ones."
However in Nerja, they were able to use carbon dating to work out the age of soot stains on the walls and charcoal on the ground - left by the fires, fixed '"lamps" and, most importantly, torches that visitors used to illuminate their way. The specks of charcoal from flaming torches scattered throughout the chambers - like the breadcrumbs in the story of "Hansel and Gretel," wrote the authors - were able to be dated.
The "smoke archaeology" produced 68 radiocarbon samples, of which 53 were able to be dated. They were then cross-referenced with soot microlayers in a stalagmite, and researchers also looked at charcoal particles from pigment used on the walls. In one "room" of the cave, no fewer than 66 samples were taken.
The process has identified "35,000 years of human occupation in the deep karst" and "at least 73 phases of distinct visits… between the Upper Palaeolithic and Recent Prehistory," wrote the authors. That is the largest number of visits known for any prehistoric cave in Europe. They also found evidence of visitors from prehistoric cultures which had previously been thought to have left little trace in southern Spain.
Meanwhile, analysis of soot "microlayers" enabled the scientists to investigate the final three visitation phases - from roughly 8000 BCE to 3000 BCE - finding that there were "at least 64 distinct incursions, with an average of one visit every 35 years for the Neolithic period," main author Marián Medina told CNN via email.
The "Lower Galleries" of the cave were the most visited - coincidentally, that's closest to where the modern tours take place. Prehistoric visitors mostly burned one type of pine to light their way, the carbon analysis revealed.
'Overwhelmingly' beautiful, even thousands of years ago
Medina, currently at the University of Bordeaux, told CNN that, "What surprised me most was documenting the prehistoric and fossilized smoke in the stalagmites, and the level of accuracy over the number of visits that this could bring us."
She said that groups entered the caves in the Paleolithic era, at the start of the Stone Age, to create art. Later, in the Neolithic (later Stone Age) and Chalcolithic era (right before the Bronze Age), they entered to "carry out funerary activities."
However, she believes that whatever their reason for entering, these ancient visitors must also have been blown away by the cave itself.
"I think the magnitude and geological beauty of the Nerja Cave must have overwhelmed its prehistoric visitors, just as it overwhelms us today," she said.
Prehistoric art installations
Prehistoric visitors would have experienced the cave very differently from modern ones, Medina told CNN.
The "total darkness" of the caves meant that Paleolithic visitors had to light their way with flames - making the art they created almost an installation, rather than two-dimensional.
"The lighting system involved different aspects that made the Paleolithic rock [art] a sensory experience," said Medina.
"The firelight projects a warm, finite, moving light, which generates smoke with a characteristic smell of each wood, and the crackling of the wood generates noise."
Modern visitors may enjoy high-tech lighting and guiding, but their experience is more "static," she said.
"Virtual archaeology helps us to immerse ourselves in a context closer to how these works of art could have been made or contemplated."
CNN
